![]() Mahon ruled in favor of Waples-Platter in a lengthy opinion which described the various "ranch style" and "ranch" products then available, of which many had been created to compete against Hidden Valley Ranch. The case was tried before federal judge Eldon Brooks Mahon in Fort Worth, Texas, in 1976. In 1975, Waples-Platter, the Texas-based manufacturer of Ranch Style Beans, sued Kraft Foods and General Foods for trademark infringement, even though Waples-Platter had declined to enter the salad dressing market itself over concerns about rapid spoilage. ![]() Restaurant chains like Dion's produce and sell green chile ranch, as do others in the region. In the Southwestern United States, there is a variant from New Mexican cuisine called "green chile ranch" which adds green New Mexico chile pepper as an ingredient. Ranch dressing is produced by many manufacturers, including Hidden Valley, Kroger, Ken's, Kraft, Litehouse, Marie's, Newman's Own, and Wish-Bone. Īs of 2002, Clorox subsidiary Hidden Valley Manufacturing Company was producing ranch packets and bottled dressings at two large factories, in Reno, Nevada, and Wheeling, Illinois. ĭuring the 1990s, Hidden Valley had three child-oriented variations of ranch dressing: pizza, nacho cheese, and taco flavors. Hidden Valley Ranch Wavy Lay's potato chips were introduced in 1994. In 1983, Clorox developed a non-refrigerated bottled formulation.ĭuring the 1980s, ranch became a common snack food flavor, starting with Cool Ranch Doritos in 1987. Clorox reformulated the Hidden Valley Ranch dressing several times to make it more convenient for consumers, including adding buttermilk flavoring to the seasoning, allowing the dressing to be made using much less expensive regular milk. Kraft Foods and General Foods introduced similar dry seasoning packets labeled as "ranch style". In October 1972, the Hidden Valley Ranch brand was bought by Clorox for $8 million, and Henson retired. Manufacturing of the mix was later moved to San Jose, then Colorado, and then to Sparks, Nevada in 1972. The Hensons incorporated Hidden Valley Ranch Food Products, Inc., and opened a factory to manufacture ranch dressing in larger volumes, which they first distributed to supermarkets in the Southwest, and eventually nationwide. By the mid-1960s, the guest ranch had closed, but Henson's "ranch dressing" mail-order business was thriving. Henson began selling the packages by mail for 75 cents apiece, and eventually devoted every room in his house to the operation. By 1957, Henson began selling packages of dressing mix in stores. ![]() ![]() He also mixed a batch for his friend, Audrey Ovington, owner of Cold Spring Tavern, which became the first commercial customer for the dressing. Henson served the salad dressing he had created at the ranch. In 1956, he purchased a guest ranch in San Marcos Pass and renamed it Hidden Valley Ranch. Henson retired from plumbing at age 35, and moved with his wife to Santa Barbara County, California. While there, he invented a new salad dressing. In 1949, Thayer, Nebraska native Steve Henson (1918–2007) moved with his wife to the Anchorage, Alaska, area, where he worked as a plumbing contractor. In 2017, 40% of Americans named ranch as their favorite dressing, according to a study by the Association for Dressings and Sauces. It is also popular in the United States and Canada as a dip, and as a flavoring for potato chips and other foods. Ranch has been the best-selling salad dressing in the United States since 1992, when it overtook Italian. Sour cream and yogurt are sometimes used in addition to, or as a substitute for, buttermilk and mayonnaise. Ranch dressing is a savory, creamy American salad dressing usually made from buttermilk, salt, garlic, onion, mustard, herbs (commonly chives, parsley and dill), and spices (commonly pepper, paprika and ground mustard seed) mixed into a sauce based on mayonnaise or another oil emulsion.
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![]() Symptoms include tearing, redness, cloudiness, and dilated pupils. It causes pressure in the eyeball and can lead to blindness. This painful condition occurs when the fluid in the eyeball doesn’t drain correctly. If the eye is cancerous, it may need to be surgically removed. For instance, antibiotics will be needed to treat a bacterial infection. ![]() Treatment will depend on the underlying cause. Uveitis can happen due to trauma to the eye, bacterial infection, auto-immune diseases, infectious diseases like Feline Leukemia Virus ( FeLV) or Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), parasitic diseases such as Toxoplasmosis, or cancer. Signs can include changes in eye pupil size, cloudiness, redness, excessive tearing, and discharge. This condition can be painful, and it can impact your cat’s vision if left untreated. When the uvea, which is the colored part of the eye containing blood vessels, becomes inflamed, it is referred to as uveitis. If you suspect your cat has damaged their cornea, you should take them to the veterinarian. You might also notice that your cat is squinting, blinking, or pawing at their face. You may be able to see signs of a corneal injury, such as redness, tearing, or blood in the eye. Or their eyes could get scratched during a tussle with another cat or animal. A bit of dirt, debris, or small bug could get in them. Your cat could accidentally scratch their eye while trying to satisfy an itch. There are lots of ways your cat can damage the cornea of their eyes. Pink eye can be painful for your cat and worsen if you wait to treat it, so visit your veterinarian at the first signs of it. Your veterinarian may also suggest medications, such as an antihistamine. If you know what is causing your cat to have an allergic reaction, you can try to keep them away from it. ![]() Allergens – Various allergens, such as pollen, grass, cigarette smoke, dust, or perfume, can bring on the symptoms of pink eye.Viruses don’t respond to antibiotics, but your veterinarian may recommend a topical or oral anti-viral medication to treat it. Virus – Common cat viruses like feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) can cause pink eye.Bacterial infection – If your cat gets pink eye because of a bacterial infection, your veterinarian will likely prescribe antibiotics to help clear it up.The symptoms include that familiar pink or reddish color, sticky eye discharge, and swelling. Pink eye happens when the moist tissue that lines the eyeball (called the conjunctiva) becomes inflamed. Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)Ĭats can get pink eye, just like people do. It helps keep the eye moist and protect it from damage. Retina – Lines the inside of the eyeball and sends visual information to the brain through the optic nerve.Ĭats also have a third eyelid at the inside corner of their eyes.Iris – Circular, colored portion of the eye.Pupil – Dark colored center of the eye where light enters.Lens – Located behind the iris, it changes shape to focus light rays.Cornea – A transparent outer layer that forms in the front of the eye.They are some of the most common eye claims submitted for cats by ASPCA Pet Health Insurance customers.*īefore we get into eye disorders, let’s take a quick look at the structure of a cat’s eye, which is similar to our own eyes. ![]() One of these eye problems could be to blame: Do your cat’s eyes appear red or irritated? Are they blinking or squinting a lot? However, it will take much more effort than in other seasons when it’s not yet fully grown. Don’t get me wrong you can still get rid of moss during fall. If you wait until fall, the moss shall have reproduced, making them uncontrollable. And that is in summer and before peak fall rains. So, the best time to remove moss is in its pre-growth stage when it’s still vulnerable or anytime before the rain. However, during the fall rains, moss can grow quickly and become out of hand. Moss doesn’t grow that much during the summer season. However, they might regrow, so you need to understand the best time of the year you’re supposed to get rid of them. ![]() If you have these plants growing on your roof, it’s obvious you may want to get rid of them as soon as possible. Knowing when to get rid of moss from the roof can significantly come in handy. Best Time of Year to Remove Moss from Roof Regular roof maintenance is a recommended remedy to handle and eliminate the problem. Moss growth on roofs can be drastic, and finding ways to tackle them before they grow too much is an essential factor to consider. When a combination of shade and cool moisture on a roof surface, moss or lichens have a high chance of growing on it. This may either be the presence or absence of much sunlight on a roof surface. Research shows that moss growing on any roof surface is more severe on roof sections shaded or periodically exposed to excellent weather conditions. Or it can grow in a section of your roof that doesn’t receive sunlight consistently. So if moss is growing on your roof, it’s most likely you live in cooler areas of the country. Moss grows well in cool, damp environments. This added weight on your roof can cause serious damage to specific areas, which can be risky to the house’s occupant. A large moss mat is surprisingly heavy, spongy, and holds much water. If you continue to ignore them further, they damage the shingles’ protective layer and attract bugs and rodents, creating an opportunity for leaks and pest infestation.Īdditionally, moss has a lot of weight that is usually subjected to the roof. With time and if you don’t control the moss, they spread under tiles, shingles, and shakes, increasing the damage to other roof areas. When these plants grow, they supply the roof with constant moisture, accelerating rotting and deterioration. However, moss is dangerous for all roof types, whether you have tiles, composite shingles, or cedar shakes. Ideally, moss typically grows well in dark, wet, and cool climates. ![]() Yes, having moss growing on your roof is bad. Is It Bad to Have Moss Growing on Your Roof?
QuickLook does exactly as its name suggests. Lastly, if you have DVD and Blu-ray Discs lying around and you want to play them on your Windows 11 PC then once again KMPlayer will help you do that. Another noteworthy feature of KMPlayer is its ability to play damaged or corrupted video files. The video capture feature in KMPlayer allows users to take screenshots while watching videos and save them as jpg files. Once again, KMPlayer supports most mainstream audio and video formats, and based on your preference you can even add external codecs. If you’re looking for something basic that’s still better than the default Windows 11 video player, then KMPlayer will impress you. ![]() Lastly, PotPlayer can be installed on any version of Windows, ranging from Windows XP To Windows 11. Using the hotkeys support in Potplayer you can control media playback at a click of a button. In addition to being a Free Video Player, PotPlayer also features a free screen recorder and free video editing software. The powerful media player supports every mainstream video file format out there and if you are lucky enough to find a file format that it doesn’t support, Pot Player will automatically download the needed codecs and play it back. PotPlayer is one of the best free video players out there that simply gets the job done. Since 5K Player is GPU accelerated you will experience impressive visuals and there won’t be any frame drops.ĥK Player can also playback multi-region DVDs, 360-degree videos, and 3D movies. You can effortlessly playback 8K ultra HD movies using 5K Player and it supports all mainstream media formats like MP4, MOV, M4V, MP3, AAC, and much more.Īt first glance, the interface of 5K Player might seem a bit overwhelming but just after a few hours of using the video player, you will get used to it. To get the playback support for these file formats you have to purchase extensions from the Microsoft store.ĥK Player is another Great Video Player For Windows 11 users. Lastly, Skins and Plugins help increase the functionality of the VLC Media Player.Īs for limitations Movies And TV doesn’t support many mainstream formats like MKV and MOV natively. ![]() Consequently, if you’re unable to play a certain file on your device you can change its format using VLC. The Media Converter present in VLC can be used to change the file format of a video. VLC also offers many great tools and controls that can further enhance your media consumption experience. Similar to every other Media Player on the list, VLC Media Player is a completely Free Windows 11 Video Player. Unquestionably, VLC Media Player has stood the test of time and no matter what video format you throw at it, it will flawlessly play it back. VLC Media Playerįirst, on the list, we have the tried and trusted VLC Media Player For Windows 11.
Players can change the voice recognition system that is used (Vosk or Windows), as well as the voice recognition language. Voice recognition is used for recognition of phrases said by the player to elicit reactions from the ghost. There is currently a known issue where one or more players may not be able to hear others through global chat at random. One player using global chat will not attract the ghost to other players, regardless of if the speaker is inside or outside the investigation area. Doing this will also cause a static noise to be played for all players in lieu of any microphone audio. Using global chat within 9 metres of a ghost (2.5 metres for a Yokai) during a hunt will attract the ghost to the player, regardless of whether the player is speaking or not. Dead players can hear living players through global chat. Global chat cannot be used by dead players or in the lobby. Global chat can only be activated via push-to-talk. The VR walkie-talkie will automatically return onto the belt when dropped. Voice through global chat will be muffled in a manner similar to a walkie-talkie. Global chat can be activated by pressing the global chat (default: B on keyboard) button, or by grabbing the walkie-talkie when using VR headsets. Global chat allows the player to communicate to all players on-site, regardless of their location. There are several bugs that could occur where living players can also hear dead players, or dead players cannot hear each other clearly.ĭuring a hunt, any noise transmitted through the microphone that is loud enough (when local chat is enabled) will attract the ghost if it is within 9 metres (or 2.5 metres for a Yokai) of the player on the same floor. Players that are inside versus outside a buildingĭead players can hear living players. ![]() Players in different locations may hear local chat as being muffled: This setting can be adjusted via the settings in the journal or in the main menu. A throat-clearing sound can also be heard when toggling a rising tone when toggling on and a falling tone when toggling off. A microphone icon in the bottom-left corner of the screen will light up when the game is listening. On/Off toggle: The local chat button is used to toggle open mic on or off.Voice activation: The game will always hear the player this is also known as open mic.Push-to-talk: The game will hear the player while they hold the local chat (default: V on keyboard) button.There are three settings available for players to communicate through: Players can hear one another up to 20 metres away, though in reality this distance is usually shorter due to volume fall-off. ![]() Phasmophobia uses the Photon Voice voice chat system. ![]() Player chat is used to communicate between players. ![]() With physician approval, naturopathic hydrotherapies (water-based health treatments) are also available for YNC patients. Couples, chill out with a spa package for two. Brides, put on an all-over glow with a mud wrap, vichy or massage. Stressed out? Come in for a one-time or once-a-month massage. Retreat to the Oasis Spa for health-enhancing, rejuvenating care! We have something for every body – an amazing selection of massages, body wraps, body polishes, beauty treatments, and multi-service packages to relax, soothe, stimulate, invigorate, and detoxify. Call today to nurture your body’s natural healing ability in the serene, peaceful environment of Oasis Spa! Using natural products from herbs to organic essential oils, we bring mind, body and spirit into balance for improved wellness. Acne facials, anti-aging facials, chemical peels, back facials, and more. Services support natural detoxification through the largest organ of the body: the skin. Billings, MT Esthetician and Day Spa offering advanced customized facials for all skin types and skin goals. Oasis Spa takes the meaning of spa to a new level with body treatments, massages, and esthetic services beyond the ordinary. Although the city is growing, its growth rate has diminished markedly with oil price declines in recent years.“Our goal at Oasis Health Spa is to provide exceptional experiences through personalized quality spa treatments that empower our guests and protect our planet by sustainably utilizing the nourishment of nature.” history, as well as the Heath shale oil discovery just north of Billings, the city’s growth rate stayed high during the shale oil boom. With the Bakken oil development in eastern Montana and western North Dakota, the largest oil discovery in U.S. ![]() We are confident we can provide you with specialized attention and. We have a number of returning clients who can attest to our excellent service. Soothe away your troubles with a massage that will relieve your tired muscles and erase your stress. The environment invites each client to feel confident in. Central Wellness was created by Janine Griffin and Ali Mitchell with the purpose to provide clients with a sanctuary to escape the chaos of the everyday world and enhance the body, mind, and spirit. ![]() Bio-Identical Hormone Replacement therapy. Best Massage Therapy in Billings, MT - Lis Massage Therapy and Foot Soak. Come to On The Spot Massage Therapy LLC for all your relaxation needs. Specialties: Premier Medical Aesthetic services. With more hotel accommodations than any area within a five-state region, the city hosts a variety of conventions, concerts, sporting events, and other rallies. 5 trimester credits (alumni) / 19 trimester credits (non. Billings has avoided the economic downturn that affected most of the nation from 2008 to 2012 as well as the housing bust. Vincent Cancer Centers of Montana and Yellowstone Naturopathic Clinic, Billings. From 2000 to 2010 Lockwood, an eastern suburb, saw growth of 57.8%, the largest growth rate of any community in Montana. Parts of the metro area are seeing hyper growth. The city is experiencing rapid growth and a strong economy it has had and is continuing to have the largest growth of any city in Montana. Multi-state Licensed Esthetician Kialy Iverson founded Element Skin Therapy with the. Billings is also the largest retail destination for much of the same area. Element Skin Therapy is a skin care spa located in Billings, Montana. With one of the largest trade areas in the United States, Billings is the trade and distribution center for much of Montana east of the Continental Divide, Northern Wyoming, and western portions of North Dakota and South Dakota. It has a trade area of over 500,000.īillings was nicknamed the “Magic City” because of its rapid growth from its founding as a railroad town in March 1882. Located in the south-central portion of the state, it is the seat of Yellowstone County and the principal city of the Billings Metropolitan Area, which had an estimated population of 180,385 in 2018. Established in 1992, YNC is located in the heart of the Billings medical. Caring for the whole person, we seek to restore in every patient the energy and vitality that nature intended. state of Montana, with a population estimated at 109,577 as of 2019. We are a family health and wellness clinic serving the people of southeastern Montana, northern Wyoming, and the western Dakotas. ![]() Watercolor paint is similar to water in that it is a thin, liquid form of color. Finally, the program’s Lock Transparency feature makes it simple to stay bright and colorful while working on a layer, eliminating the need for worry about accidental errors. Furthermore, the program includes a variety of color palettes, making it simple to find the appropriate hue for a painting. In the program, artists will be able to create realistic textures and brush strokes with a wide range of tried-and-true and new types of brushes. It is also ideal for artists who primarily use Adobe Fresco to paint and draw digitally. Adobe Fresco Is The Perfect Painting And Drawing Program For Artists. As a result, it is a great way to reduce calories and lose weight. Fresco style menu items can be customized to replace items such as mayonnaise-based sauces, cheeses, and reduced-fat sour cream with freshly prepared diced tomatoes, which are typically higher in calories and fat. Fresco paintings have a long history, dating back thousands of years to the ancient periods of Pompeii and Crete. The color scheme is opaque and has a matte (dull) appearance. It is a technique that has always been present on walls and is known as fresco painting. You can create colorful, imaginary ecosystems by combining the colors and textures of the world you know. As you practice, layer the tentacles layer on top of the first jellyfish and then choose a brush to enhance the details. In the previous session, James had drawn the jellyfish’s head and body. She demonstrates how she paints with watercolor while maintaining a dry environment in her creative space. The Live brushes in Adobe Fresco’s PaintShop are modeled after real paint brushes and behave as if they have been painted. Yellena James’s exploration of an imaginary ecosystem examines the intricate and delicate forms that are twisted and molded into attractive landscapes. Whether they use watercolor paints on wet plaster or chalk pastels on dry plaster sprayed with water, children can go beyond using Plaster of Paris for molding shapes.Fresco is not a watercolor, but a type of painting that is done on wet plaster. They can also make impressions, such as of leaves, in the wet plaster. Consider that an effect to make the painting or drawing look like something that was part of a wall for years.Ĭhildren can try drawing or painting on wet plaster for an outcome unlike drawing on paper. Some small pieces of plaster may fall away from the fabric. When dry, pin the picture onto the wood plaque to display.Draw on the damp surface with chalk pastels.Spray a bit of water on the Plaster of Paris so the surface is wet.Follow the same steps as in the fresco, but allow the Plaster of Paris to dry.For some variety, try drawing on the plaster with chalk pastels. Usually a secco is a watercolor painting. Colors will not be as bright or last as long as on a fresco. Pin the corners of the fabric onto the wood plaque to display the fresco.Ī fresco-secco is a fresco where the color is applied to dry plaster that is sprayed with water to simulate wet plaster.Avoid bending the painting as the newspaper is pulled away.(See the package of Plaster of Paris for drying time). The pigment in the paints will seep into the plaster, creating long-lasting color. While the Plaster of Paris is still wet, paint a picture using watercolors.Add a little more Plaster of Paris to cover the fabric, except for the margin. It is okay to leave some textured swirls and bumps in the plaster. Avoid spreading the mixture to the edge of the material – leave approximately half an inch around the edge. Immediately pour half of the mixture onto the fabric screen and spread.Never allow Plaster of Paris to go down a sink drain. The result should be the consistency of pancake batter. To a quarter cup of water, add half a cup of Plaster of Paris and stir with the craft stick.Cut a piece of burlap or screening approximately 6” x 8” or 8” x 10”.Either watercolor paints or chalk pastelsĪ fresco is a watercolor painting done onto wet plaster so the pigment becomes part of the dry plaster.Optional: Wood plaque and pins to mount the final artwork.Disposable container for mixing (yogurt cup, etc). ![]() Materials for Textured Drawings & Paintings While parents and children may be most familiar with molding figurines or paperweights with Plaster of Paris, creating a “canvas” for artwork is relatively simple. Working with Plaster of Paris can be a bit messy, but children who are ages eight and up can explore this medium as a new drawing or painting surface. EnduranceAdvantage™ covers mechanical breakdowns as well as maintenance such as oil changes and engine diagnostics.It covers a variety of repair costs for high-mileage vehicles, including fixes to engine components, electrical systems, air conditioning, and more. Select Premier is the most basic plan for older vehicles, covering your basic powertrain components.Secure is a budget-friendly option that covers most vital automotive components for an affordable price.It has a shorter waiting period than most other plans. Secure Plus offers coverage for the steering, electrical system, and brakes.Compared to Supreme, it covers almost everything, except gaskets. Superior offers coverage for hundreds of components integral to your car’s optimal performance.Supreme coverage plans provide the most extensive bumper-to-bumper protection.Below is a list of the levels of coverage offered by Endurance with a brief description of each plan’s coverage: Endurance Warranty PlansĮndurance offers six vehicle protection plans, each of which can last 200,000+ miles. Also, Endurance is a direct provider of extended warranties, meaning the company services the contracts it sells instead of using plan administrators. In addition to its 3.7-star rating from over 7,000 customers on Trustpilot, Endurance can cover over 200K miles and offers the widest selection of high-mileage warranty options. We choose Endurance as the best extended warranty for cars with over 100K miles. Read our full warranty review methodology and our editorial guidelines.įor drivers with high-mileage vehicles who are interested in purchasing an extended warranty, the sections below provide more detailed information about the top aftermarket providers from the table above. Lastly, to obtain first-hand product knowledge our team bought five warranty plans from separate providers to test the coverage levels and claims process of each company. We’ve also surveyed 2,000 extended warranty customers to learn what matters most to consumers when purchasing a warranty. ![]() More than 1,500 hours of research has gone into analyzing past customer reviews and mystery shopping top providers to gather pricing quotes for various plans. We verify each provider’s quality through our hands-on research process. ![]() To compile our product reviews and rankings, our team continuously evaluates dozens of warranty companies to compare plans, coverage, costs, customer service, and transparency. Our editorial team consists of experienced automotive researchers, writers, and editors that follow strict guidelines to ensure that our articles are unbiased and fact checked. We’ll also explain each provider’s coverage options for older cars, as well as take a look at customer reviews and ratings by industry leaders such as the Better Business Bureau (BBB).Īt, we're dedicated to supplying car owners with the well-researched information they need to make sound decisions about auto warranties. ![]() In this article, we’ll point out the best choices for cars with over 100,000 miles on the odometer. Having invested over 1,400 hours of research, our team has reviewed the industry’s best extended car warranty companies by analyzing hundreds of reviews, collecting over 2,200 data points, and conducting our own consumer surveys. We recommend looking for the best extended warranty for cars over 100K miles to keep you covered long-term. The more miles you put on your car, the more likely it is your car will need costly repairs.
![]() ![]() Olaudah Equiano writes about the iron bit in his slave narrative, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, as "the iron muzzle". Some of them were allegedly chained in uncomfortable positions and instruments of torture were said to have been found … iron collars with spikes or sharp edges." Literary accounts She is a vile creature, and for her many crimes I punished her with an iron collar, but supposed she soon got that off." Īnother article on the treatment of slaves by Delphine LaLaurie of Louisiana stated that "seven slaves were reportedly found in various parts of the residence and they were said to be in need of medical attention. The description of her is given that she is "5 feet three or 4 inches high, had on, when she went away, such clothing as negroes generally wear in the summer, and carried with her a white linen coat and jacket. One newspaper advertisement from 1792 writes of a reward to be given for the capture of a runaway slave. He exhibited the whips also, and many other implements of cruelty adopted by the planters and their agents. ![]() Gurney one evening placed on his head an iron machine of torture, which inflicted great pain upon the slave, and an iron gag penetrated his mouth, confining his tongue and preventing articulation. I recollect the horror that thrilled the hearts of the spectators, when Mr. ![]() These places of deposit are strongly built and well supplied with iron thumb-screws and gags, and ornamented with cowskins and whips, often bloody".Ī man wrote in an open letter to the editor of the Frederick Douglass Paper about an abolitionist who was demonstrating the actions of slave holders in the American South, An 1848 article in The North Star states that "dealing in slaves has become a large business: establishments are made in several places in Maryland, at which they are sold like cattle. The mask, bit, and gag all refer to this torture device, but may differ in their specific manufacturing and disciplinary purposes. Several articles and newspapers mention what appears to be the iron bit, but the name of the device varies from region to region where it is used. Even earlier, slave narratives and publications of newspapers and magazines from the 18th century on give evidence of this device being used to torture and punish slaves.Ī website dedicated to documenting the history of slavery in the US quotes from slave trader turned abolitionist Thomas Branagan, who describes the iron bit through a "front and profile view of an African's head, with the mouth-piece and necklace, the hooks round which are placed to prevent an escapee when pursued in the woods, and to hinder them from laying down the head to procure rest." His essay entitled, "The Method of Procuring Slaves on the Coast of Africa with an account of their sufferings on the voyage, and cruel treatment in the West Indies", describes the iron bit as having "a flat iron which goes into the mouth, and so effectually keeps down the tongue, that nothing can be swallowed, not even the saliva, a passage for which is made through holes in the mouth-plate." Historical evidence Escrava Anastacia ("Anastacia the female slave"), a Brazilian folk saint, depicted wearing a punitive iron facemask. Its use throughout history has warranted some attention though, mostly from literary texts. As opposed to the whip, the iron bit lacks the historic, social, and literary symbolic fame that would make information on the use of the iron bit as accessible. The scolds bridle however, is almost always associated with its use on women in the early 17th century and there are very few accounts of the device as a method of torture against black slaves under that particular name. The bit, sometimes depicted as the scold's bridle, uses similar mechanics to that of the common horse bit. The iron bit, also referred to as a gag, was used by enslavers and overseers as a form of punishment on slaves in the Southern United States. JSTOR ( June 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article needs additional citations for verification. ![]() With a heavy heart, he promised his father to do just that. However, before leaving, his father was gunned down and died in a hospital, leaving him with a request to continue to go to the boarding school like what he agreed to do and to change his ways. Because of this, his parents agreed to send him to a strict and expensive boarding school for two years. The adults hated him so much that they urged his parents, who are respected greatly in the community, to punish him severely, or the police will have to get involved. The MC got most of the hate because of being the group leader and the most violent one. Still, the parents in the community were condemning them because of the violence and damage that happens. They had a goal of stopping the rampant bullying in their neighbourhood. uncontrollable lust for her: he did his best to ravish her against her will. ![]() He was a leader of a group calling themselves The Spartans. patronship of the city during the reign of CECROPS (1), and both demonstrated. His father was a boxing champion, his mother is a former supermodel, and he has two sisters. With all the money that can be earned, it seems like the idea is working since youth crime around the nation dropped significantly. Of course, there are strict requirements in order to participate, like having a passing grade in school and no committing of crime and violence in or outside of school, a year before the competition starts. So the government gave in, and top companies around the nation also contributed, resulting in substantial prize pools for the winners, possible endorsement deals, and other perks. ![]() Since parents all around the country are desperate for a way to stop the violence and crime, they hesitated to endorse the idea but desperate enough to give it a go. Both download and print editions of such books should be high quality.Then, many boxing promoters pitched the idea of letting these violent youngsters let loose but in a controlled environment, a fighting competition where they can use their ability for a goal. Most newer books are in the original electronic format. Also, their file size tends to be smaller than scanned image books. These ebooks were created from the original electronic layout files, and therefore are fully text searchable. We mark clearly which print titles come from scanned image books so that you can make an informed purchase decision about the quality of what you will receive. The text is fine for reading, but illustration work starts to run dark, pixellating and/or losing shades of grey. ![]() It's the problem of making a copy of a copy. Unfortunately, the resulting quality of these books is not as high. We essentially digitally re-master the book. Also, a few larger books may be resampled to fit into the system, and may not have this searchable text background.įor printed books, we have performed high-resolution scans of an original hardcopy of the book. However, any text in a given book set on a graphical background or in handwritten fonts would most likely not be picked up by the OCR software, and is therefore not searchable. The result of this OCR process is placed invisibly behind the picture of each scanned page, to allow for text searching. Most older books are in scanned image format because original digital layout files never existed or were no longer available from the publisher.įor PDF download editions, each page has been run through Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software to attempt to decipher the printed text. These products were created by scanning an original printed edition. |
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